采暖係統的！種控製策略。   
  jinnianlaijizhonggongrefazhanjiaokuai，yiwangdegongreyinshouqitacinengyuandezhiyue，jibenshangdoushiyimeizuoweiranliao，suizheshiyoutianranqidekaifaguojiadexiqidongsonghedianligongyingdechongzuyijiqitanengyuandiredengdechuxian，shigezhongnengyuanjinrugongrexingyechengweikeneng。danshi，woguojingrongliangyidajixian，⑴2排放量位居世界第，其中暖通空調在我國溫室氣體排放中約占15


，因此如何實現我國可持續發展，合理利用自然資源保護環境，成為供熱行業需要麵對的個重要問。   
  目(mu)前(qian)

，我(wo)國(guo)已(yi)經(jing)有(you)幾(ji)個(ge)主(zhu)要(yao)大(da)城(cheng)市(shi)采(cai)取(qu)措(cuo)施(shi)，在(zai)城(cheng)區(qu)限(xian)期(qi)取(qu)締(di)切(qie)燃(ran)煤(mei)鍋(guo)爐(lu)。那(na)下(xia)步(bu)我(wo)們(men)到(dao)底(di)應(ying)該(gai)采(cai)用(yong)什(shen)麼(me)樣(yang)的(de)熱(re)源(yuan)形(xing)式(shi)來(lai)代(dai)替(ti)燃(ran)煤(mei)鍋(guo)爐(lu)，做(zuo)到(dao)既(ji)滿(man)足(zu)環(huan)保(bao)要(yao)求(qiu)，又(you)能(neng)節(jie)能(neng)經(jing)濟(ji)。   
  2采暖係統方案的比較就目前而言，燃油鍋爐較少，今後發展的主流產品將是電熱鍋爐和燃氣鍋爐
，下麵就電熱鍋爐和燃氣鍋爐作下比較2.1社she會hui效xiao益yi電dian熱re鍋guo爐lu與yu燃ran氣qi鍋guo爐lu相xiang比bi，更geng易yi全quan自zi動dong監jian控kong具ju有you過guo溫wen過guo壓ya過guo流liu短duan路lu斷duan水shui缺que相xiang等deng多duo種zhong自zi動dong保bao護hu，實shi現xian了le機ji電dian體ti化hua
，設she備bei簡jian單dan，占zhan地di麵mian積ji減jian少shao近jin半ban，可ke利li用yong樓lou宇yu的de地di下xia室shi或huo樓lou頂ding空kong間jian而er無wu需xu專zhuan門men建jian造zao鍋guo爐lu房fang。電dian熱re鍋guo爐lu的de效xiao率lv可ke達da9598
，且無噪音和有害物質的排放，設計時無消防勞動衛生等特殊要求，具有明顯的經濟和社會效益。   
  特(te)別(bie)指(zhi)出(chu)
，談(tan)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)必(bi)談(tan)蓄(xu)熱(re)和(he)低(di)穀(gu)用(yong)電(dian)
，否(fou)則(ze)沒(mei)有(you)實(shi)際(ji)意(yi)義(yi)。因(yin)為(wei)熱(re)負(fu)荷(he)高(gao)峰(feng)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)電(dian)負(fu)荷(he)高(gao)峰(feng)，而(er)高(gao)峰(feng)負(fu)荷(he)高(gao)峰(feng)電(dian)價(jia)和(he)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)低(di)負(fu)荷(he)率(lv)掩(yan)蓋(gai)了(le)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)的(de)所(suo)有(you)優(you)點(dian)，對(dui)電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)和(he)用(yong)戶(hu)都(dou)無(wu)吸(xi)引(yin)力(li)，無(wu)蓄(xu)熱(re)的(de)純(chun)粹(cui)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)沒(mei)有(you)生(sheng)命(ming)力(li)和(he)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)。采(cai)用(yong)了(le)蓄(xu)熱(re)電(dian)鍋(guo)爐(lu)後(hou)，低(di)穀(gu)負(fu)荷(he)和(he)低(di)穀(gu)用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)，對(dui)電(dian)力(li)係(xi)統(tong)削(xue)峰(feng)填(tian)穀(gu)，抑(yi)平(ping)負(fu)荷(he)具(ju)有(you)很(hen)大(da)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。   
  蓄(xu)能(neng)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)網(wang)低(di)負(fu)荷(he)時(shi)起(qi)動(dong)，產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)蓄(xu)存(cun)於(yu)蓄(xu)能(neng)水(shui)箱(xiang)或(huo)水(shui)池(chi)中(zhong)，平(ping)峰(feng)時(shi)給(gei)予(yu)少(shao)量(liang)補(bu)充(chong)
，電(dian)網(wang)高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)停(ting)運(yun)，而(er)以(yi)蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)供(gong)熱(re)。對(dui)電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門(men)而(er)言(yan)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)負(fu)荷(he)率(lv)
，對(dui)用(yong)戶(hu)而(er)言(yan)減(jian)少(shao)了(le)電(dian)費(fei)支(zhi)出(chu)，此(ci)時(shi)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)的(de)所(suo)有(you)優(you)點(dian)都(dou)得(de)以(yi)充(chong)分(fen)體(ti)現(xian)，這(zhe)些(xie)都(dou)是(shi)燃(ran)氣(qi)鍋(guo)爐(lu)根(gen)本(ben)不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)達(da)到(dao)的(de)。2.1經濟分析電熱和燃氣兩種係統的經濟比較，主要包括收穡日期2⑴105係統的次設備投資和運行費用
，下麵以1000，2北京地區1201供暖建築作為條件進行比較說明類另1燃氣鍋爐全穀電運行穀電平電運行型號萬元次輔助設備萬元煙囪消聲消防設備泵蓄熱水箱1503泵閥蓄熱水箱75以3泵閥門閥門軟化水箱15門軟化水箱47軟化水箱25投安裝費萬元資總計運行費用萬元從1中可以看到，利用低穀電供熱，次投資比燃氣的要貴
，但運行費用很低，般運行3 5nianjikehuishouchengben。erqiesuizhedianlishichangdekaifang，dianlichengxiangongdayuqiudexingshi，dianjiayejiangzhubuxiatiao，fenggudianjiajiangxiangchayuelaiyueda，ruguonenggengchongfendiliyongdigudianliang
，shiyongdianguolujianghuidailaigengkeguandejingjixiaoyi。   
  3xuredianguolucainuanxitongkongzhiqideyanjiudianguolucainuanxitongkongzhiqidezhuyaogongnengshigenjuceliangdaodegongshuiwenduhehuishuiwendu，tongguogaibiantourujiareqideshumuhexunhuanbengdeliusu，shigongwenhehuiwenbaochizaiyaoqiudefanweinei，bingjinkenengchongfendiliyongdigudianliang，yidadaozuidadejingjixiaoyi。bingzaiyichangguzhangguowenguoyaguoliuduanluduanshuiquexiangdengdeshihou
，juyouzidongbaohugongneng。muqianbijiaoliuxingdekongzhiqibancaiyongweijikongzhi。weijikongzhixitongjuyouhenduoyoudian
，liruxuduodekongzhigongnengkeyitongguoruanjiandefangfashishi，jianshaoleyingjianjiegou
，shikongzhixitongdeguzhanglvjiangdi，tigaolekongzhixitongzishendekekaoxing；控製方式可以方便地修改

，靈活性較大，控製的參數可方便地設置和修改，大大加快了裝置的研究開發周期；實現精確的數字控製，消除了模擬電路易受溫漂等帶來的參數變化影響；采用微機進行全自動控製
，可以實現無人值班。   
  但(dan)是(shi)目(mu)前(qian)的(de)采(cai)暖(nuan)控(kong)製(zhi)器(qi)的(de)控(kong)製(zhi)策(ce)略(lve)還(hai)有(you)些(xie)不(bu)足(zu)之(zhi)處(chu)，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)供(gong)溫(wen)和(he)回(hui)溫(wen)的(de)設(she)置(zhi)沒(mei)有(you)考(kao)慮(lv)晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)。在(zai)北(bei)方(fang)地(di)區(qu)，天(tian)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)變(bian)化(hua)可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到(dao)十(shi)幾(ji)度(du)
，如(ru)果(guo)采(cai)取(qu)單(dan)的(de)供(gong)溫(wen)和(he)回(hui)溫(wen)，有(you)可(ke)能(neng)在(zai)溫(wen)度(du)最(zui)高(gao)時(shi)候(hou)
，感(gan)覺(jiao)太(tai)熱(re)，而(er)在(zai)溫(wen)度(du)最(zui)低(di)的(de)時(shi)候(hou)
，感(gan)覺(jiao)太(tai)冷(leng)。   
  meiyoukaolvzhouliuzhourihejiejiarideyingxiang。cainuanxitongdeyonghuhenduoshixuexiaozhengfubangongdalou

，zhouliuzhouribushangban，ruguohaishianzhaotongchangdekongzhicelve，shibizaochenghendadeziyuanlangfei
；由於采暖季節般在月次年4yue
，zaizheqijianyoulianggechangjiaqiyuandanhechunjie

，xianranzhelianggeshiduandekongzhicelveyeyinggaizuochushidangdetiaozheng。lingwai

，yewanbanyeshimeiyourendeshihou，andaoliyaoshidangqiechubufenjiareqi，danshiwanshangshidigudianjiadeshiduan，womenquexiwangnengduoliyongdigujiarexuneng。   
  為了解決上述問，對控製策略作出了定3.1touqiejiareqikongzhicelvejiareqikongzhideyijushigongshuichukoudecaiyangwendudinggongwen，jiangtayuweijishezhidedinggongwenshezhijinxingbijiao，weilejianshaohuanjingqiwenbianhuadeyingxiang，legongwenshezhijingguoqiwendingqidinggongwenshezhi=丁供溫標準供
，1氣溫丁氣溫標準丁供溫標準標準供水溫度；丁氣溫標準標準氣溫
；1供供水溫度的修正係統
，大於零的常數；以yi上shang個ge參can數shu是shi可ke以yi設she置zhi存cun儲chu在zai微wei機ji係xi統tong裏li的de，主zhu要yao規gui定ding了le在zai某mou個ge標biao準zhun環huan境jing氣qi溫wen下xia的de標biao準zhun供gong水shui溫wen度du。當dang實shi際ji的de氣qi溫wen大da於yu標biao準zhun氣qi溫wen的de時shi候hou，供gong水shui溫wen度du適shi當dang減jian小xiao
；當實際的氣溫小於標準氣溫當丁供溫丁供溫設置時
，切組加熱器；當丁供溫丁供溫設置時，投組加熱器；3.2循xun環huan流liu速su控kong製zhi策ce略lve循xun環huan流liu速su控kong製zhi的de依yi據ju是shi回hui水shui的de采cai樣yang溫wen度du丁ding回hui溫wen，將jiang它ta與yu微wei機ji設she置zhi的de丁ding回hui溫wen設she置zhi進jin行xing比bi較jiao
，同tong樣yang氣qi溫wen丁ding氣qi的de修xiu正zheng，修xiu正zheng公gong式shi為wei丁ding回hui溫wen設she置zhi=丁回溫標準回
，1氣溫丁氣溫標準丁回溫標準標準回水溫度；丁氣溫標準標準氣溫

；1回回水溫度的修正係統，大於零的常數。   
  yishanggecanshuyeshikeyishezhicunchuzaiweijixitonglide，zhuyaoguidinglezaimougebiaozhunhuanjingqiwenxiadebiaozhunhuishuiwendu。dangshijideqiwendayubiaozhunqiwendeshihou
，huishuiwendushidangjianxiao；當實際的氣溫小於標準氣溫的時候，回水溫度適當增加。1化氣溫修正當丁回。丁回溫設置時，減少循環泵流速；當丁回溫丁回溫設置時，提高循環泵流速；上(shang)述(shu)兩(liang)種(zhong)對(dui)供(gong)水(shui)溫(wen)度(du)和(he)回(hui)水(shui)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)修(xiu)正(zheng)，在(zai)微(wei)機(ji)控(kong)製(zhi)器(qi)中(zhong)通(tong)過(guo)軟(ruan)件(jian)很(hen)容(rong)易(yi)進(jin)行(xing)處(chu)理(li)，這(zhe)樣(yang)基(ji)本(ben)消(xiao)除(chu)了(le)環(huan)境(jing)氣(qi)溫(wen)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，在(zai)保(bao)證(zheng)正(zheng)常(chang)供(gong)熱(re)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)達(da)到(dao)最(zui)大(da)的(de)節(jie)能(neng)。   
  3.3實(shi)行(xing)兩(liang)種(zhong)運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態(tai)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態(tai)和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態(tai)經(jing)濟(ji)方(fang)案(an)主(zhu)要(yao)運(yun)行(xing)在(zai)周(zhou)六(liu)周(zhou)日(ri)和(he)節(jie)假(jia)日(ri)
，可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)按(an)鍵(jian)選(xuan)擇(ze)是(shi)否(fou)執(zhi)行(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)方(fang)案(an)。在(zai)這(zhe)段(duan)期(qi)間(jian)，由(you)於(yu)供(gong)暖(nuan)的(de)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)區(qu)域(yu)如(ru)學(xue)校(xiao)機(ji)關(guan)辦(ban)公(gong)大(da)樓(lou)等(deng)沒(mei)有(you)人(ren)，再(zai)按(an)照(zhao)正(zheng)常(chang)的(de)供(gong)水(shui)溫(wen)度(du)和(he)回(hui)水(shui)溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)製(zhi)沒(mei)有(you)必(bi)要(yao)，這(zhe)時(shi)候(hou)就(jiu)執(zhi)行(xing)經(jing)濟(ji)方(fang)案(an)，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)叫(jiao)作(zuo)低(di)溫(wen)小(xiao)循(xun)環(huan)。所(suo)謂(wei)低(di)溫(wen)小(xiao)循(xun)環(huan)
，就(jiu)是(shi)將(jiang)供(gong)水(shui)溫(wen)度(du)和(he)循(xun)環(huan)流(liu)速(su)保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)比(bi)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)範(fan)圍(wei)，這(zhe)樣(yang)既(ji)減(jian)少(shao)了(le)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)浪(lang)費(fei)
，又(you)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)旦(dan)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，馬(ma)上(shang)轉(zhuan)化(hua)到(dao)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。上(shang)述(shu)經(jing)濟(ji)方(fang)案(an)的(de)采(cai)用(yong)，對(dui)於(yu)微(wei)機(ji)控(kong)製(zhi)係(xi)統(tong)來(lai)說(shuo)，硬(ying)件(jian)方(fang)麵(mian)隻(zhi)是(shi)多(duo)了(le)個(ge)時(shi)鍾(zhong)芯(xin)片(pian)，成(cheng)本(ben)增(zeng)加(jia)不(bu)大(da)
，但(dan)在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)卻(que)帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)很(hen)大(da)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)。   
  按an照zhao這zhe些xie控kong製zhi策ce略lve為wei核he心xin，筆bi者zhe為wei白bai銀yin供gong電dian局ju電dian力li電dian器qi廠chang設she計ji研yan製zhi了le套tao電dian鍋guo爐lu采cai暖nuan係xi統tong控kong製zhi器qi，已yi經jing投tou入ru運yun行xing了le兩liang個ge月yue，取qu得de了le定ding的de經jing濟ji效xiao益yi。   
  結(jie)束(shu)語(yu)蓄(xu)熱(re)式(shi)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)便(bian)，安(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)，對(dui)大(da)氣(qi)環(huan)境(jing)沒(mei)有(you)任(ren)何(he)汙(wu)染(ran)
，從(cong)經(jing)濟(ji)角(jiao)度(du)看(kan)，優(you)於(yu)燃(ran)氣(qi)鍋(guo)爐(lu)。隨(sui)著(zhe)我(wo)國(guo)各(ge)大(da)城(cheng)市(shi)和(he)風(feng)景(jing)旅(lv)遊(you)區(qu)對(dui)環(huan)保(bao)要(yao)求(qiu)境(jing)社(she)區(qu)金(jin)融(rong)衛(wei)生(sheng)環(huan)衛(wei)等(deng)部(bu)門(men)選(xuan)擇(ze)供(gong)熱(re)方(fang)案(an)時(shi)不(bu)同(tong)時(shi)段(duan)不(bu)同(tong)電(dian)價(jia)的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)，蓄(xu)熱(re)式(shi)電(dian)熱(re)鍋(guo)爐(lu)必(bi)定(ding)能(neng)在(zai)與(yu)燃(ran)氣(qi)燃(ran)煤(mei)鍋(guo)爐(lu)的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)中(zhong)取(qu)勝(sheng)。   
  王淮
，趙惠中，畢長剛。供熱方案的技術經濟比較馬達，黃鑫，王清勤，等。水蓄熱電鍋爐作為中小型空調係統熱源的應用1.北京節能
，2000，5.   
  賈振航。抓住機遇，大力推廣電熱鍋爐北京節☆☆☆述(shu)評(ping)西(xi)部(bu)大(da)開(kai)發(fa)與(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)汽(qi)車(che)中(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)的(de)開(kai)發(fa)與(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)
，已(yi)經(jing)關(guan)係(xi)到(dao)國(guo)家(jia)可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)社(she)會(hui)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)大(da)局(ju)，同(tong)時(shi)，也(ye)為(wei)發(fa)展(zhan)天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)汽(qi)車(che)提(ti)供(gong)了(le)難(nan)得(de)的(de)曆(li)史(shi)機(ji)遇(yu)。   
  之所以要發展天然氣汽車
，主要是基於石油資源短缺能源結構調整治理汽車尾氣汙染和培育新興產業大原因。   
  即全球性石油資源匱乏

，迫使人類尋找新的汽車燃料；調整能源結構，時代要求發展新型燃料汽車；減少大氣汙染，改善環境質量，人們期待清潔燃料汽車
；加快天然氣汽車推廣步伐，培育新的經濟增長點。   
  yixiqidongshuweibiaozhidexibudakaifazhanlvedeshishi，shixibuziyuanyudongbushichangjieguijinjinzhuazhutianranqigongyehetianranqiqichedefazhan，bidinghuiduixiangguanchanyeqidaoshifenmingxiandedaidongzuoyong，bingxingchenggebuxiaochanyequnhejingjiqun
，baziyuanyoushibianweijingjiyoushi。   
  譚誌宣述評西北水資源開發的6項措施我國西北總麵積占全國麵積的13，但水資源總量僅2254億，隻占全國的8.西(xi)北(bei)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)稀(xi)缺(que)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)特(te)征(zheng)
，既(ji)構(gou)成(cheng)了(le)這(zhe)地(di)區(qu)極(ji)為(wei)脆(cui)弱(ruo)的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)
，又(you)使(shi)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)成(cheng)為(wei)該(gai)地(di)區(qu)最(zui)具(ju)戰(zhan)略(lve)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)資(zi)源(yuan)。充(chong)分(fen)利(li)用(yong)有(you)限(xian)的(de)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)，是(shi)西(xi)部(bu)大(da)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)。有(you)以(yi)下(xia)6項措施1做好西北水資源的總體規劃工作；積極調整產業結構
；3加強生態環境
；4調整水資源利用方式，提高利用效率

；啟動南水北調工程；6加強水資源菅理。