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據英國《新科學家》雜誌報道,著名氣候專家克瑞斯-古達爾日前出版了一本名為《拯救地球的十項技術》的新書,稱人類如果使用十種新技術,將可以避免地球出現毀滅性的氣候災難。以下就是這十項新技術:
1、風能 盡管一慣被人們視為一種不可靠的資源,但風能仍將可能會為人類提供30%的de電dian力li。當dang然ran,我wo們men也ye需xu要yao正zheng視shi它ta的de不bu可ke靠kao性xing,因yin為wei並bing不bu是shi每mei時shi每mei刻ke都dou會hui有you風feng。因yin此ci,我wo們men需xu要yao想xiang出chu更geng好hao的de儲chu能neng方fang式shi,以yi便bian存cun儲chu由you風feng力li所suo產chan生sheng的de電dian能neng。此ci外wai,風feng能neng將jiang來lai並bing不bu僅jin僅jin局ju限xian於yu當dang地di利li用yong,還hai可ke以yi分fen配pei和he傳chuan送song到dao其qi他ta州zhou或huo國guo家jia。風feng能neng密mi度du是shi單dan位wei迎ying風feng麵mian積ji可ke獲huo得de的de風feng的de功gong率lv,與yu風feng速su的de三san次ci方fang和he空kong氣qi密mi度du成cheng正zheng比bi關guan係xi。據ju估gu算suan,全quan世shi界jie的de風feng能neng總zong量liang約yue1300億yi千qian瓦wa,但dan這zhe種zhong資zi源yuan受shou地di形xing的de影ying響xiang較jiao大da,世shi界jie風feng能neng資zi源yuan多duo集ji中zhong在zai沿yan海hai和he開kai闊kuo大da陸lu的de收shou縮suo地di帶dai,如ru美mei國guo的de加jia利li福fu尼ni亞ya州zhou沿yan岸an和he北bei歐ou一yi些xie國guo家jia。各ge國guo都dou在zai加jia緊jin對dui風feng力li的de開kai發fa和he利li用yong,盡jin量liang減jian少shao二er氧yang化hua碳tan等deng溫wen室shi氣qi體ti的de排pai放fang,以yi保bao護hu人ren類lei賴lai以yi生sheng存cun的de地di球qiu。 2、太陽能 taiyangnengyibanzhitaiyangguangdefushenengliang。zaitaiyangneibujinxingdeyouqingjubianchenghaideyuanzihefanying,butingdishifangchujudadenengliang,bingbuduanxiangyuzhoukongjianfushenengliang,zhezhongnengliangjiushitaiyangneng。taiyangneibudezhezhonghejubianfanying,keyiweichijishiyizhishangbaiyiniandeshijian。taiyangweiwomendediqiutigonglezugoudenengliang,womenzhixuyaonachugengyouxiaodefangfabuhuohecunchuzhezhongnengyuan。muqiansuoshiyongdetaiyangnengdianchibanxiangduilaishuoxiaolvhendi。womenkeyizengjiaduitaiyangnengdianchideyanfatouru,yiyizhonggenghao、更geng有you效xiao的de太tai陽yang能neng利li用yong和he存cun儲chu模mo式shi,降jiang低di利li用yong成cheng本ben。太tai陽yang能neng既ji是shi一yi次ci能neng源yuan,又you是shi可ke再zai生sheng能neng源yuan。它ta資zi源yuan豐feng富fu,既ji可ke免mian費fei使shi用yong,又you無wu需xu運yun輸shu,對dui環huan境jing無wu任ren何he汙wu染ran。為wei人ren類lei創chuang造zao了le一yi種zhong新xin的de生sheng活huo形xing態tai,使shi社she會hui及ji人ren類lei進jin入ru一yi個ge節jie約yue能neng源yuan減jian少shao汙wu染ran的de時shi代dai。 3、海洋能源 潮汐、海(hai)浪(lang)以(yi)及(ji)洋(yang)流(liu)都(dou)是(shi)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)低(di)碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)無(wu)限(xian)量(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)者(zhe)。然(ran)而(er),惡(e)劣(lie)的(de)海(hai)洋(yang)環(huan)境(jing)給(gei)人(ren)們(men)製(zhi)造(zao)了(le)太(tai)多(duo)的(de)難(nan)題(ti)。今(jin)年(nian),英(ying)國(guo)已(yi)研(yan)發(fa)出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)發(fa)電(dian)浮(fu)標(biao)並(bing)投(tou)入(ru)實(shi)驗(yan)。該(gai)浮(fu)標(biao)被(bei)置(zhi)放(fang)於(yu)海(hai)麵(mian)下(xia)50mishenchu,yihailangweidonglijinxingfadian。tongyangshizaijinnian,shijieshangdiyitaishangyeyingyongdechaoxiwolunjikaishitouruyunying,bingjieruyingguogaoyashudianxianwang。ciqianzaimeiguoshengdiegejuxingdehaiyangnengyuanguojiyantaohuishang,kexuejiamenjieshaoshuo,haiyangnengyuancunzaidexingshiduozhongduoyang,baokuohailang、潮汐、洋流、海風、海水溫度差和鹽度差等,但到目前為止人們還沒有充分認識到這些能源的價值。 4、熱電綜合利用 發電過程中損耗的熱能占發電廠所產生能量的40%左(zuo)右(you)。避(bi)免(mian)這(zhe)種(zhong)巨(ju)大(da)能(neng)量(liang)損(sun)失(shi)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)有(you)效(xiao)方(fang)式(shi)就(jiu)是(shi)將(jiang)發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)建(jian)於(yu)家(jia)中(zhong),即(ji)每(mei)個(ge)家(jia)庭(ting)室(shi)內(nei)安(an)裝(zhuang)一(yi)台(tai)微(wei)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)。這(zhe)種(zhong)微(wei)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)幾(ji)乎(hu)可(ke)以(yi)與(yu)大(da)型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)產(chan)生(sheng)同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)效(xiao)率(lv),而(er)它(ta)們(men)所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)於(yu)家(jia)庭(ting)取(qu)暖(nuan)和(he)燒(shao)熱(re)水(shui)。熱(re)電(dian)冷(leng)聯(lian)產(chan)係(xi)統(tong)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)燃(ran)氣(qi)內(nei)燃(ran)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)餘(yu)熱(re)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)利(li)用(yong)的(de)新(xin)節(jie)能(neng)方(fang)式(shi)。在(zai)熱(re)電(dian)冷(leng)聯(lian)產(chan)係(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)能(neng)的(de)同(tong)時(shi),以(yi)機(ji)組(zu)廢(fei)氣(qi)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)為(wei)能(neng)源(yuan),煙(yan)氣(qi)通(tong)過(guo)特(te)製(zhi)的(de)熱(re)交(jiao)換(huan)係(xi)統(tong)加(jia)熱(re)介(jie)質(zhi)水(shui),使(shi)水(shui)溫(wen)達(da)到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)溫(wen)度(du),通(tong)過(guo)溴(xiu)化(hua)鋰(li)冷(leng)水(shui)機(ji)組(zu)製(zhi)冷(leng)或(huo)製(zhi)熱(re),然(ran)後(hou)經(jing)過(guo)風(feng)機(ji)盤(pan)管(guan)空(kong)調(tiao)器(qi)給(gei)房(fang)間(jian)製(zhi)冷(leng)或(huo)供(gong)熱(re)。
5、零能耗房屋 其實,家庭想要高效節能並不一定非要建造所謂的“零碳房”。一種更好、更經濟的方式就是對現有住房進行“經濟”修繕,以減少溫室氣體排放量。德國人正在通過“零能耗房屋”運動,引領綠色建築的潮流,旨在將溫室氣體排放量縮減80%到90%。美國能源部目前也正在大力推廣“零能耗房屋”新技術。通過改進建築設計和材料,美國房屋能耗已比1980年減少了30%。“零能耗房屋”有室內溫度變化小、不怕停電、節約能源和減少汙染等優點。該技術視房屋為一個諸多元件協作運轉的整體,旨在通過最佳整體設計、利用最先進的建築材料以及已上市的節能設備,達到房屋所需能源或電力100%自產的目標。 6、電動汽車 當提到電動汽車的款式和速度時,人們總是嗤之以鼻。但是,像“泰斯拉跑車”zheyangdediandongqicheyiyangyekeyiyuqiyoudongliqichezaisudushangyishigaodi。suiranzhezhongdiandongqichexianzaibingbubianyi,dansuizhejianglaidianchijishudegaijin,qijiagekendinghuijiangxialai。ciwai,diandongqichedeyunxingchengbenzhiyounaxieranyouchexingde5%。jinqiyanjiuchengguobiaoming,diandongqicheshenzhihaikeyizuoweiguojiadianwangdenengliangcunchuqi。danshi,jienengyuxinnengyuanqicheyanfatouruda,shengchanchengbengao,tebieshizaituiguangchuqi,meiyouxingchengguimohua、批量化生產,成本很高。據了解,中度混合動力汽車的成本平均要比同類型的傳統汽車高30%至50%,純電動汽車成本是傳統汽車的2倍,燃料汽車成本則是傳統汽車的5倍。 7、第二代生物燃料 利li用yong農nong作zuo物wu製zhi造zao燃ran料liao的de提ti法fa,現xian在zai幾ji乎hu被bei普pu遍bian認ren為wei是shi一yi個ge壞huai主zhu意yi。這zhe意yi味wei著zhe鼓gu勵li對dui森sen林lin的de大da肆si采cai伐fa,甚shen至zhi可ke能neng會hui導dao致zhi糧liang食shi短duan缺que危wei機ji。但dan是shi,利li用yong農nong業ye廢fei料liao生sheng產chan下xia一yi代dai生sheng物wu燃ran料liao已yi得de得de到dao了le人ren們men的de認ren可ke。利li用yong最zui新xin的de纖xian維wei裂lie化hua技ji術shu,廢fei棄qi的de木mu材cai可ke以yi被bei製zhi成cheng液ye體ti燃ran料liao。在zai不bu久jiu的de將jiang來lai,利li用yong農nong業ye廢fei料liao生sheng產chan第di二er代dai生sheng物wu燃ran料liao即ji將jiang變bian為wei現xian實shi。通tong用yong汽qi車che公gong司si宣xuan布bu,將jiang加jia快kuai基ji於yu非fei糧liang食shi原yuan料liao的de第di二er代dai纖xian維wei素su乙yi醇chun燃ran料liao的de研yan發fa和he商shang業ye化hua進jin程cheng,並bing期qi望wang這zhe個ge方fang案an能neng夠gou緩huan解jie對dui石shi油you的de依yi賴lai以yi及ji減jian少shao溫wen室shi氣qi體ti排pai放fang。截jie至zhi2008年8月,全球有超過40個纖維素乙醇示範項目。 8、碳捕獲技術 由you於yu可ke再zai生sheng資zi源yuan的de增zeng長chang已yi無wu法fa滿man足zu全quan球qiu的de能neng源yuan需xu求qiu,因yin此ci尋xun找zhao一yi種zhong能neng夠gou有you效xiao捕bu獲huo和he存cun儲chu由you發fa電dian廠chang所suo產chan生sheng的de二er氧yang化hua碳tan的de方fang法fa已yi成cheng為wei我wo們men人ren類lei所suo要yao麵mian對dui的de最zui重zhong要yao挑tiao戰zhan之zhi一yi。當dang然ran,現xian在zai對dui於yu這zhe種zhong碳tan捕bu獲huo技ji術shu的de研yan究jiu投tou入ru還hai很hen少shao,研yan究jiu進jin展zhan也ye相xiang當dang緩huan慢man。但dan是shi,各ge國guo政zheng府fu已yi開kai始shi意yi識shi到dao這zhe項xiang研yan究jiu的de重zhong要yao性xing,而er且qie一yi些xie更geng新xin的de技ji術shu已yi經jing出chu現xian。預yu計ji全quan世shi界jie發fa電dian廠chang煤mei炭tan的de使shi用yong量liang將jiang增zeng加jia,碳tan捕bu獲huo和he存cun儲chu技ji術shu被bei看kan作zuo是shi潛qian在zai的de解jie決jue方fang案an。在zai其qi最zui好hao情qing形xing,該gai技ji術shu能neng夠gou捕bu獲huo發fa電dian廠chang90%的碳排放。盡管捕獲、運輸和存儲過程的每一個環節都被驗證和使用,但迄今為止還沒有試驗過全循環的係統,即使是小規模示範項目也沒有試驗過。 9、生物炭 由於氣候變化問題顯得越來越嚴重,我們急需拿出一些經濟、簡單、快捷的方式,來盡量縮減溫室氣體的排放量。一種設想就是利用“生物炭”技(ji)術(shu)。生(sheng)物(wu)炭(tan)是(shi)由(you)農(nong)業(ye)廢(fei)料(liao)在(zai)缺(que)氧(yang)的(de)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)燃(ran)燒(shao)所(suo)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)木(mu)炭(tan)。生(sheng)物(wu)炭(tan)結(jie)構(gou)異(yi)常(chang)穩(wen)定(ding),可(ke)以(yi)存(cun)儲(chu)於(yu)地(di)下(xia)數(shu)百(bai)年(nian)時(shi)間(jian)而(er)不(bu)變(bian)質(zhi),也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)將(jiang)其(qi)碳(tan)元(yuan)素(su)釋(shi)放(fang)於(yu)空(kong)氣(qi)之(zhi)中(zhong)。生(sheng)物(wu)炭(tan)還(hai)可(ke)以(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)肥(fei)料(liao)改(gai)進(jin)土(tu)壤(rang)的(de)結(jie)構(gou)。 10、沼氣池 senlincaifashiyigefuzadewenti,renleijianghuiweidasikanfaerfuchudaijia。yinci,womenbixudezhongdianguanzhunaxienenggoujinliangjianshaosenlincaifadejishu。zhaoqichijishujiushiqizhongzhiyi。zhaoqichisuoshiyongdezhaoqishiyouyoujifeiliaoshenouercheng。zhaoqidezhuyaochengfenjiawanshiyizhonglixiangdeqitiranliao,tawusewuwei,yushiliangkongqihunhehoujikeyiranshao。meilifangmichunjiawandefarezuiwei34000焦耳,完全燃燒後產生相當於0.7千克無煙煤提供的熱量。中國人目前在這一技術領域處於領先地位,他們正在大力推廣沼氣利用技術。
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